Le Châtelier’s Principle Understanding how equilibrium shifts when a system is disturbed by changes in concentration, temperature, or pressure. Table of Contents Overview of Le Châtelier’s Principle Formal Statement Factors That Disturb Equilibrium Rules for Predicting Shifts Illustrative Examples Industrial and Biological Applications Limitations and Considerations Conclusion Overview of Le Châtelier’s Principle Le Châtelier’s Principle describes how a system…
Table of Contents Concept of the Mole Avogadro’s Number Mole–Mass Relationship Mole and Gas Volume at STP Molarity & Solution Calculations Numerical Calculation Examples Common Pitfalls & Tips Conclusion Concept of the Mole The mole is the SI unit for amount of substance, defined such that one mole contains exactly 6.02214076×1023 elementary entities (atoms, molecules,…
Table of Contents Overview of Discharge Tube Experiment Apparatus & Setup Experimental Procedure Key Observations Conclusions Characteristics of Cathode Rays Applications & Historical Significance Overview of Discharge Tube Experiment The discharge tube experiment involves passing high voltage through a partially evacuated glass tube to produce glowing beams (cathode rays) originating from the cathode. Apparatus &…
Table of Contents Overview of Seasons Earth’s Axial Tilt and Orbit Mechanism of Seasonal Change Polar Day and Night Phenomenon Regions with Six-Month Day/Night Ecological and Human Impacts Conclusion Overview of Seasons Seasons are periodic changes in weather patterns, daylight hours, and temperature experienced on Earth. They repeat annually and are driven by the planet’s…
Table of Contents Introduction Symmetry Elements & Operations Rotation Axes Mirror Planes Centre of Inversion Rotation–Reflection Axes Seven Crystal Systems Physical Properties of Crystalline Solids Conclusion Introduction Symmetry in crystalline solids underpins their classification into crystal systems and dictates many of their physical properties. In Chapter 6 of Class 11 Chemistry, you’ll learn how symmetry…
By Tariq Pathan | Published: June 25, 2025 Table of Contents Introduction In Chapter 6 of Class 11 Chemistry, we explore the external morphology and internal features of crystalline solids. Key topics include the ideal geometrical shapes of crystals, their planes of weakness (cleavage), common habits, and the process by which crystals grow. Geometrical Shape…
Table of Contents Introduction to Solid State Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids Types of Crystalline Solids Ionic Solids Metallic Solids Molecular Solids Covalent/Network Solids Comparison of Amorphous and Crystalline Applications & Examples Conclusion Introduction to Solid State The solid state is one of the four fundamental states of matter, characterized by fixed…
Table of Contents Introduction Primary Nebula & Protostar Main Sequence & Stable Fusion Red Giant & Advanced Burning Stellar Death Pathways White Dwarf & Planetary Nebula Supernova Explosion Remnants & Legacy Conclusion Introduction The life cycle of a star spans millions to billions of years, beginning in a vast cloud of gas and dust and…
Table of Contents Introduction What Is a Star? What Is a Planet? What Is a Satellite? Comparisons & Key Differences Famous Examples Conclusion Introduction Astronomy classifies celestial objects into stars, planets, and satellites. Each plays a unique role in the structure and dynamics of the universe. In this guide, Tariq Pathan explains their definitions, characteristics,…
Table of Contents Introduction Definition of Gravity Newton’s Law of Gravitation Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity Effects and Manifestations Practical Applications Key Experiments & Evidence Conclusion Introduction Gravity is one of the four fundamental forces of nature, governing the motion of planets, stars, and galaxies. From the fall of an apple to the orbits of…
