Table of Contents Introduction Crystal Lattice Unit Cell Types of Unit Cells Unit Cell Parameters Bravais Lattices Miller Indices Conclusion Introduction In Chapter 6 of Class 11 Chemistry, the concepts of crystal lattice and unit cell form the foundation of solid state chemistry. A clear understanding of these concepts helps explain the arrangement of particles…
Table of Contents Introduction Isomorphism Definition Examples Factors Affecting Isomorphism Polymorphism Definition Examples Significance Properties of Crystalline Substances Conclusion Introduction In Chapter 6 of Class 11 Chemistry, we study how crystalline substances can exhibit similar structures (isomorphism) or exist in more than one form (polymorphism). These phenomena influence physical properties, industrial applications, and identification of…
Table of Contents Introduction Definitions Anisotropy Isotropy Origins in Crystalline Solids Directional Properties Comparison Examples in Materials Significance in Applications Conclusion Introduction The physical behavior of crystalline solids often depends on direction. Understanding anisotropy and isotropy is crucial for predicting properties like conductivity, refractive index, and mechanical strength in different crystallographic directions. Definitions Anisotropy Anisotropy…
Table of Contents Introduction Symmetry Elements & Operations Rotation Axes Mirror Planes Centre of Inversion Rotation–Reflection Axes Seven Crystal Systems Physical Properties of Crystalline Solids Conclusion Introduction Symmetry in crystalline solids underpins their classification into crystal systems and dictates many of their physical properties. In Chapter 6 of Class 11 Chemistry, you’ll learn how symmetry…
By Tariq Pathan | Published: June 25, 2025 Table of Contents Introduction In Chapter 6 of Class 11 Chemistry, we explore the external morphology and internal features of crystalline solids. Key topics include the ideal geometrical shapes of crystals, their planes of weakness (cleavage), common habits, and the process by which crystals grow. Geometrical Shape…
Table of Contents Introduction to Solid State Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids Types of Crystalline Solids Ionic Solids Metallic Solids Molecular Solids Covalent/Network Solids Comparison of Amorphous and Crystalline Applications & Examples Conclusion Introduction to Solid State The solid state is one of the four fundamental states of matter, characterized by fixed…
Table of Contents Introduction Primary Nebula & Protostar Main Sequence & Stable Fusion Red Giant & Advanced Burning Stellar Death Pathways White Dwarf & Planetary Nebula Supernova Explosion Remnants & Legacy Conclusion Introduction The life cycle of a star spans millions to billions of years, beginning in a vast cloud of gas and dust and…
Table of Contents Introduction What Is a Star? What Is a Planet? What Is a Satellite? Comparisons & Key Differences Famous Examples Conclusion Introduction Astronomy classifies celestial objects into stars, planets, and satellites. Each plays a unique role in the structure and dynamics of the universe. In this guide, Tariq Pathan explains their definitions, characteristics,…
Table of Contents Introduction Definition of Gravity Newton’s Law of Gravitation Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity Effects and Manifestations Practical Applications Key Experiments & Evidence Conclusion Introduction Gravity is one of the four fundamental forces of nature, governing the motion of planets, stars, and galaxies. From the fall of an apple to the orbits of…
Table of Contents Introduction What Is Earthing? What Is a Fuse? What Is a Circuit Breaker? Common Electricity Hazards Electricity Safety Tips Conclusion Introduction Electricity powers our modern lives but carries inherent risks. Understanding safety devices—earthing, fuses, and circuit breakers—is essential to prevent shocks, fires, and equipment damage. This guide covers their functions, how they…
