Table of Contents Introduction Valence Bond Theory Fundamentals Hybridization Concept Applications of VBT Drawbacks of VBT Conclusion Introduction The Valence Bond Theory (VBT), proposed by Heitler, London and developed by Pauling and Slater, explains covalent bonding as the overlap of half-filled atomic orbitals. It builds on the idea that when atomic orbitals overlap, electron…
Table of Contents Introduction VSEPR Theory Fundamentals Electron Domains & Repulsions Common Molecular Shapes Examples & Geometry Table Factors Affecting Shape Conclusion Introduction In Chapter 3 of Class 11 Chemistry, the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory explains how electron pairs around a central atom arrange themselves to minimize repulsion, determining the geometry…
Table of Contents Introduction Crystal Lattice Unit Cell Types of Unit Cells Unit Cell Parameters Bravais Lattices Miller Indices Conclusion Introduction In Chapter 6 of Class 11 Chemistry, the concepts of crystal lattice and unit cell form the foundation of solid state chemistry. A clear understanding of these concepts helps explain the arrangement of particles…
Table of Contents Introduction Isomorphism Definition Examples Factors Affecting Isomorphism Polymorphism Definition Examples Significance Properties of Crystalline Substances Conclusion Introduction In Chapter 6 of Class 11 Chemistry, we study how crystalline substances can exhibit similar structures (isomorphism) or exist in more than one form (polymorphism). These phenomena influence physical properties, industrial applications, and identification of…
Table of Contents Introduction Definitions Anisotropy Isotropy Origins in Crystalline Solids Directional Properties Comparison Examples in Materials Significance in Applications Conclusion Introduction The physical behavior of crystalline solids often depends on direction. Understanding anisotropy and isotropy is crucial for predicting properties like conductivity, refractive index, and mechanical strength in different crystallographic directions. Definitions Anisotropy Anisotropy…
