Table of Contents Introduction Definitions of Yield Terms Why Yields Matter in Chemistry Calculating Theoretical Yield Understanding Actual Yield How to Calculate Percent Yield Numerical Examples Reasons for Low Percent Yield Conclusion Introduction In chemical reactions, the actual quantity of product obtained often differs from what is expected theoretically. Understanding theoretical, actual, and percent yields…
Table of Contents Introduction Occurrence & Extraction Physical Properties Chemical Properties Oxidation States Important Reactions Applications Conclusion Introduction Iron (Fe), atomic number 26, is the most abundant transition metal in Earth’s crust and a cornerstone of metallurgy and biochemistry. Its versatile oxidation states and magnetic properties make it critical in industry, materials, and life processes….
Table of Contents Introduction Occurrence & Extraction Physical Properties Chemical Properties Oxidation States Key Reactions Applications Conclusion Introduction Manganese (Mn), atomic number 25, is a versatile transition metal. It exhibits multiple oxidation states from +2 to +7, leading to a rich redox chemistry and diverse industrial applications. Occurrence & Extraction Manganese is primarily found in…
Table of Contents Introduction Occurrence & Extraction Physical Properties Chemical Properties Oxidation States Important Reactions Applications Conclusion Introduction Chromium (Cr), atomic number 24, belongs to the first row of the d‑block elements. Known for its brilliant colors and multiple oxidation states, chromium exhibits rich chemistry central to both industrial and biochemical processes. Occurrence & Extraction…
Table of Contents Coordination Numbers & Geometries Common Shapes of Complexes Memorization Tricks & Mnemonics Practice Examples Conclusion Coordination Numbers & Geometries The coordination number (CN) of a metal center determines its geometry: CN Geometry 2 Linear (180°) 4 Tetrahedral (109.5°) or Square Planar (90°) 5 Trigonal Bipyramidal (90°, 120°) or Square Pyramidal 6 Octahedral (90°)…
Table of Contents Introduction Definition & General Rules Order of Nomenclature Mono‑, Bi‑, Tri‑ etc. for Ligands Worked Examples Polynuclear Complexes Special Ligand Naming Conclusion Introduction Naming coordination compounds follows IUPAC rules to unambiguously describe the central metal, ligands, their numbers, and oxidation state. Proper nomenclature is essential for clear communication in inorganic chemistry. Definition…
Table of Contents Introduction Definition & Position in Periodic Table General Electronic Configurations Properties of d‑Block Elements Properties of f‑Block Elements Comparison: d‑Block vs f‑Block Important Applications Conclusion Introduction Transition elements, comprising the d‑block and f‑block of the periodic table, exhibit unique electronic structures and versatile chemistry. They play vital roles in catalysis, materials science,…
Table of Contents Introduction Definition of Dipole Moment Formula & Vector Representation Unit of Dipole Moment Factors Affecting Dipole Moment Applications Conclusion Introduction Dipole moment is a key concept in understanding molecular polarity. It helps predict intermolecular forces, solubility, and behavior in electric fields. In Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 3, we learn how to…
Table of Contents Introduction Fundamentals of MO Theory Bonding & Antibonding MOs Molecular Orbital Energy Diagram Key Examples H₂ Molecule O₂ Molecule CO Molecule Bond Order & Magnetic Properties Conclusion Introduction Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory describes covalent bonding by combining atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals that extend over the entire molecule. Unlike Valence…
Table of Contents Introduction Concept of Hybridization Types of Hybridization sp Hybridization sp² Hybridization sp³ Hybridization dsp² & sp³d Hybridization Orbital Diagrams & Examples Factors Affecting Hybridization Significance in Molecular Geometry Conclusion Introduction Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals of similar energies on an atom to form new hybrid orbitals, which explain…
